مرجع خبری رئال مادرید : در بازی میان رئال مادرید و بتیس در مولینون ، گرت بیل خوش درخشید. او 84 بار توپ را لمس کرد و 54 پاس داد که 83 درصدش درست بود. هر چقدر این بازیکن مقابل گیخون بد بود ، در بازی مقابل بتیس خوش درخشید و دو گل هم زد.
بیل در بازی مقابل گیخون بی دلیل به نقاط دیگر زمین حرکت می کرد و در عملکرد دیگر بازیکنان دخالتت می کرد اما در مقابل بتیس وظیفه مشخی داشت وکار خودش را انجام می داد. در این میان حضور موثر خامس را هم باید در نظر گرفت که 90 پاس داد و 85 تایش سالم بود.
بیل در مقابل بتیس بیشترین دوندگی را با 10.61 کیلومتر داشت و راموس و خامس با 10.24 کیلومتر در رده بعدی بودند.
پدرو سن مارتین
اول درست صحبت کن دوم درست صحبت کن
سوم اره فرق میکنه دوست عزیز پست های بازیکن ها رو بلدی بیل شده هافبک هجومی و پشت مهاجما کار میکنه و هر از چند گاهی جاشو با جمیز تو بال راست عوض میکرد و هافبک هجومی باید توپ به حمله برسونه و توپ معلومه بیشتر گیرش میاد آگه بازیو دیده باشی اصلا محور اصلی تیم نشده و دوم رونالدو فقط آزادی عملش کم شده دیگه فقط تو پست چپ مثل زمان انجلوتی همه جا نمیتونه بره بعدشم شرایط سنی رونالدو رو در نظر بگیر بعدش تو تا حالا تو تیمای دیگه بازی بنیتر را دیدی اصلا؟!! کلا انجلوتی تیمشو میده دست هافبک هجومی و بال راست چپ هم با هافبک هجومی جا عوض میکنن حالا خود رونالدو عوض نمیکنه نمیگم چرا یا شرایط پستش که هجومی تره یا علاقش یا سنش نمیدونم ولی آگه بازیو درست میدید اصلا بیل محور تیم نبود و چهارم میگم حالا مادرید چون عاشقشم میمیرم براش حالا به مزاج شما خوش نمیده نگفتم حالا سلطان ببخشید و بازم میگم
Hala Madrid
علی رضا چرا شر میگی هرچی میخوای بلغور میکنی بعد میگی حالا مادرید خو الان چه فرقی کرده فقد به جا رونالدو بیل شده محوریت تیم ینی بیل بهتره رونالدوس هرکی هر گوهی میخوره اخرش مینویسه حالا مادرید
دوست عزیز من دیسلایک دادم ولی نه بارساییم نه چیزی بایست سال عمرم از هشت سالگی تا حالا با رئال زندگی کردم ولی برای این دیس دادم که رئال ده ها از این ستاره ها داشته قبول دارم رونالدو بهترینشون بوده ولی رونالدو همه با اينكه خیلی دوسش دارم سه یا چهار ساله دیگه میره ولی رئال مادرید میمونه و ده ها ستاره دیگه که میان حرفم اینه که این بازی که از رئال دیدم عالی بود بدون محوریت رونالدو عالی بود(اینجوری هم نبود که رونالدو بهش پاس نمیدادن دو تا تک به تک براش آفریدند که خراب کرد) حرف کلی ام اینه که آگه رئال بدون محوریت رونالدو هر چند که با افت یک شخص منجر بشه ولی رئال بهتر بشه من ترجیح میدم رونالدو محور اصلی تیم نباشه هر چند که رونالدو جایزه فردی نبره ولی رئال سه گانه بگیره وتمام در ضمن دادا قضاوت هم نکن
Hala Madrid
تو این سایت خیلی ها سگسلونایی هستن خودشونو رئالی جا میزنن مثله اون بالا نوشته باید کاری کنیم سلطان هم موفق شه خیلی ها دیس لایک دادن اونا همون سگسلونایی هان
آقا من از بعد بازی با بتیس مهدی مادریدیستا رو دیگه ندیدیم
کسی ندیدتش؟ نمیدونم چرا بعد از درخشش بیل نیستش اصلا
مارکا زد توافق نهایی بین رئال و منچستر انجام گرفت…
من موندم کی لایکش کرده
من
آقا من یه چیزیو اشتباهی کپی کردم خواهشا فوش ندین
هه…خخخخخخخخخخخخ
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a network of networks[1] that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.
The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks.[2] The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks.[3] The linking of commercial enterprises by the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet,[4] and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to the network.
Although the Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2014, 38 percent of the world’s human population has used the services of the Internet within the past year—over 100 times more people than were using it in 1995.[5][6] Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s to early 2000s and from the late 1990s to present in the developing world.
Most traditional communications media, including telephony and television, are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Internet telephony and Internet television. Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The entertainment industry, including music, film, and gaming, was initially the fastest growing online segment. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.[7] Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.[8]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 History
3 Governance
4 Infrastructure
4.1 Routing and service tiers
4.2 Access
5 Protocols
6 Services
6.1 World Wide Web
6.2 Communication
6.3 Data transfer
7 Social impact
7.1 Users
7.2 Usage
7.3 Social networking and entertainment
7.4 Electronic business
7.4.1 Drawbacks
7.5 Telecommuting
7.6 Crowdsourcing
7.7 Politics and political revolutions
7.8 Philanthropy
8 Security
8.1 Surveillance
8.2 Censorship
9 Performance
9.1 Outages
9.2 Energy use
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Terminology
The Internet Messenger by Buky Schwartz in Holon.
See also: Capitalization of “Internet”
The Internet, referring to the specific global system of interconnected Internet Protocol (IP) networks, is a proper noun[9] and may be written with an initial capital letter. In the media and common use it is often not capitalized, viz. the internet. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, but not capitalized when used as an adjective.[10] The Internet is also often referred to as the Net.
Historically the word internetted was used, uncapitalized, as early as 1849 as an adjective meaning “Interconnected; interwoven”.[11] The designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks.[12]
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech; it is common to speak of “going on the Internet” when invoking a web browser to view web pages. However, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents (web pages) and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.[13] As another point of comparison, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is the language used on the Web for information transfer, yet it is just one of many languages or protocols that can be used for communication on the Internet.[14]
The term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user.
History
Main articles: History of the Internet and History of the World Wide Web
Research into packet switching started in the early 1960s and packet switched networks such as Mark I at NPL in the UK,[15] ARPANET, CYCLADES,[16][17] Merit Network,[18] Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.[19]
The first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between Leonard Kleinrock’s Network Measurement Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science and Douglas Engelbart’s NLS system at SRI International (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969.[20] The third site on the ARPANET was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the fourth was the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, there were already fifteen sites connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.[21][22] These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.
Early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks.[23] Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in June 1973, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter T. Kirstein’s research group in the United Kingdom, initially at the Institute of Computer Science, University of London and later at University College London.[24][25][26]
In December 1974, RFC 675 – Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeat this use.[27] Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.
T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992.
TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations, first at 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s.[28] Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. by 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.[29] The Internet rapidly expanded in Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s[30][31] and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[32]
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, telephony *Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web[33] with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more.
Worldwide Internet users 2005 2010 2014a
World population[34] 6.5 billion 6.9 billion 7.2 billion
Not using the Internet 84% 70% 60%
Using the Internet 16% 30% 40%
Users in the developing world 8% 21% 32%
Users in the developed world 51% 67% 78%
a Estimate.
Source: International Telecommunications Union.[35]
The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.[36] During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%.[37] This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network.[38] As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30.2% of world population).[39] It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.[40]
Governance
Main article: Internet governance
ICANN headquarters in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States.
The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body.
The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.
To maintain interoperability, the principal name spaces of the Internet are administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), headquartered in the neighborhood of Playa Vista, in Los Angeles, California. ICANN is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces, in which names and numbers are uniquely assigned, are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. ICANN’s role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet.[41]
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) allocate IP addresses:
African Network Information Center (AfriNIC) for Africa
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region
Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and the Caribbean region
Réseaux IP Européens – Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Commerce, continues to have final approval over changes to the DNS root zone.[42][43][44]
The Internet Society (ISOC) was founded in 1992 with a mission to “assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world”.[45] Its members include individuals (anyone may join) as well as corporations, organizations, governments, and universities. Among other activities ISOC provides an administrative home for a number of less formally organized groups that are involved in developing and managing the Internet, including: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), and Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG).
On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.
Infrastructure
See also: List of countries by number of Internet users and List of countries by Internet connection speeds
The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture.
Routing and service tiers
Packet routing across the Internet involves several tiers of Internet service providers.
Internet service providers establish the worldwide connectivity between individual networks at various levels of scope. End-users who only access the Internet when needed to perform a function or obtain information, represent the bottom of the routing hierarchy. At the top of the routing hierarchy are the tier 1 networks, large telecommunication companies that exchange traffic directly with each other via peering agreements. Tier 2 and lower level networks buy Internet transit from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet, though they may also engage in peering. An ISP may use a single upstream provider for connectivity, or implement multihoming to achieve redundancy and load balancing. Internet exchange points are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs.
Large organizations, such as academic institutions, large enterprises, and governments, may perform the same function as ISPs, engaging in peering and purchasing transit on behalf of their internal networks. Research networks tend to interconnect with large subnetworks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2, and the UK’s national research and education network, JANET.
It has been determined that both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.[46]
Computers and routers use routing tables in their operating system to direct IP packets to the next-hop router or destination. Routing tables are maintained by manual configuration or automatically by routing protocols. End-nodes typically use a default route that points toward an ISP providing transit, while ISP routers use the Border Gateway Protocol to establish the most efficient routing across the complex connections of the global Internet.
Access
Common methods of Internet access by users include dial-up with a computer modem via telephone circuits, broadband over coaxial cable, fiber optic or copper wires, Wi-Fi, satellite and cellular telephone technology (3G, 4G). The Internet may often be accessed from computers in libraries and Internet cafes. Internet access points exist in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops. Various terms are used, such as public Internet kiosk, public access terminal, and Web payphone. Many hotels also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usage, such as ticket booking, bank deposit, or online payment. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to the Internet via local computer networks. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi cafes, where users need to bring their own wireless devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based.
Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large city areas are in place in London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench.[47] Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. High-end mobile phones such as smartphones in general come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used.[48] An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.
Protocols
Internet protocol suite
Application layer
BGP
DHCP
DNS
FTP
HTTP
IMAP
LDAP
MGCP
NNTP
NTP
POP
ONC/RPC
RTP
RTSP
RIP
SIP
SMTP
SNMP
SSH
Telnet
TLS/SSL
XMPP
more…
Transport layer
TCP
UDP
DCCP
SCTP
RSVP
more…
Internet layer
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
ICMPv6
ECN
IGMP
IPsec
more…
Link layer
ARP
NDP
OSPF
Tunnels
L2TP
PPP
MAC
Ethernet
DSL
ISDN
FDDI
more…
v
t
e
While the hardware components in the Internet infrastructure can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the standardization process of the software that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been assumed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).[49] The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting contributions and standards are published as Request for Comments (RFC) documents on the IETF web site.
The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies.
The Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols, originally documented in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123. The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the application layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications. For example, a web browser program uses the client-server application model and a specific protocol of interaction between servers and clients, while many file-sharing systems use a peer-to-peer paradigm. Below this top layer, the transport layer connects applications on different hosts with a logical channel through the network with appropriate data exchange methods.
Underlying these layers are the networking technologies that interconnect networks at their borders and hosts via the physical connections. The Internet layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and routes their traffic via intermediate (transit) networks. Last, at the bottom of the architecture is the link layer, which provides connectivity between hosts on the same network link, such as a physical connection in form of a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. The model, also known as TCP/IP, is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware, which the model therefore does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the OSI model, that attempt to be comprehensive in every aspect of communications. While many similarities exist between the models, they are not compatible in the details of description or implementation; indeed, TCP/IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking.
As user data is processed through the protocol stack, each abstraction layer adds encapsulation information at the sending host. Data is transmitted over the wire at the link level between hosts and routers. Encapsulation is removed by the receiving host. Intermediate relays update link encapsulation at each hop, and inspect the IP layer for routing purposes.
The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and in essence establishes the Internet itself. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (109) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion, which entered its final stage in 2011,[50] when the global address allocation pool was exhausted. A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address registries (RIRs) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.[51]
IPv6 is not directly interoperable by design with IPv4. In essence, it establishes a parallel version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. This means software upgrades or translator facilities are necessary for networking devices that need to communicate on both networks. Essentially all modern computer operating systems support both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructure, however, is still lagging in this development. Aside from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts, e.g., peering agreements, and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.
😐
همه اینایی که گفتی بده دست آبجیت جاکش
یه نگاهی به تاریخ لالیگا بندازین رئال همیشه بین اول دوم سوم بوده،بارسلونا دهه گذشته به لطف مدیریت غلط و تجاری پرز به این تیمی که الان هست تبدیل شد ،عملا و غیر مستقیم باعث شد بارسلونا به سطح اول اروپا و اسپانیا برگرده،قبل از اون یه تیمی بودن مثل بیلبائو و سویا
تا اونجایی که من یادمه فقط جام حذفی میگرفتن و دوره ای بود بازیاشون ،پرز رئال رو از ورشکستگی نجات داد ولی بهای اون قوت گرفتن بارسا بود
در مولینون نه،در سانتیاگو برنابءو
♥مادریستا
باید یه کاری کنن سلطانم موفق بشه
شما ها دیگه کی هستین چرا دیس می دین یعنی سلطان خوب نشه